The Western Australia head coach will deputise for Darren Lehmann, who will be working with the Test squad.
Langer, 46, was interim head coach in June, guiding the squad to success in a ODI tri-series against the West Indies and South Africa in the Caribbean.
The first of three T20Is against Sri Lanka will be held on 17 February.
Following the Melbourne opener, Australia will then play Sri Lanka at Kardinia Park in Geelong (19 February) and the Adelaide Oval (22 February).
Langer said: “Twenty20 International cricket is the one format in which Australia is yet to win a global tournament so every chance we get to play it and develop our skills is very significant. That means these three matches will be hugely important.”
